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Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-30
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... cases of trichomoniasis go undetected, since the disease is not a reportable STD, up to 80 percent of infections are asymptomatic, and the disease has traditionally been diagnosed using methods that have low sensitivity ( 1 , 3 ). LIFE CYCLE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Figure 30-1 LIFE CYCLE...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-03
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... deaths were reported around New York City. Although this disease outbreak was originally ascribed to SLEV, it was eventually linked to WNV. The virus then spread rapidly, crossing the Rocky Mountains within the next 4 years. Because of the lack of immunity in different species in the Americas, WNV is now...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-27
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
..., biliary, and red water fever. Victor Babes first described the infection in Rumanian cattle in 1888, and ticks were documented as the parasite vector by Smith and Killborne in 1893. It was only six decades later, however, that the first human cases were reported. Currently, more than 100...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-21
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... have even been reported in some western US states bordering Canada. Disease in nonendemic areas is frequently due to infection contracted by individuals who visited endemic areas, or exposure to fungal organisms transported on agricultural products or other inanimate objects ( 20 ). Although...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-02
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... occurred in the 1980s; cases were also reported in France and other European countries The outbreak was linked to consumption of beef from cattle that had been fed meat and bone meal from sheep infected with scrapie The cattle presented with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), thus confirming...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-24
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
.... globosa, S. mexicana, and S. pallida (formerly S. albicans). There have also been sporadic reports of infections with other species, such as S. luriei and S. chilensis ( 1 , 2 ). The fungus is thermally dimorphic, appearing filamentous in culture and yeast-like...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-20
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... ( 1 ). Of the 19 currently known cryptococcal species, two account for most human disease: C. neoformans and C. gattii ( 2 ). Infrequently, human infection by other species such as C. albidus and C. laurentii has been reported ( 3 ). For decades, cryptococcal...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-28
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... an important diagnostic consideration for travellers. The visceral form of leishmaniasis is endemic to more than 70 tropical and subtropical countries, although seven countries (Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan) reported more than 90 percent of the global cases of this form...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-09
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... by organ systems. HIV/AIDS-specific opportunistic infections are described in more detail in other chapters. Epidemiology In 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received reports from Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City of young gay males with immune deficiency...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-26
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... to quantify, since reporting is affected by geographic region, study design, sample size, incubation period, symptom severity, and the sensitivity of the diagnostic modality used ( 6 , 7 ). In one Brazilian study, 25 percent of tested individuals were seropositive for E. histolytica, with the highest...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-14
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... America, Asia, and the Middle East ( 1 ). The disease continues to be under-reported, however ( 3 ). In many rural communities, the fetal losses in herds of cattle, sheep, or goats due to brucellosis are not only associated with an increase in human disease but also economic hardship for farmers. Figure...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-12
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... of healthy children, and 10 percent of adults, and is usually due to one serotype. Colonization rates, however, are likely under-reported as molecular methods have shown a higher prevalence when compared to studies using cultures. The transmission of potentially invasive strains occurs via direct contact...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-25
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... cause CNS disease in humans ( 20 ). A fourth FLA, Sappinia, has only once been reported to cause human CNS infection; other genera, such as Vahlkampfia, Allovahlkampfia, and Hartmanella, have been linked to isolated cases of keratitis ( 21 , 22 ). Epidemiology FLA...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-18
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... incidentally ( 12 ). The peak incidence is in those between 15 and 40 years of age. Early infection is more commonly reported in men, since manifestations are more readily apparent in males; women usually present once they develop disease complications. Risk factors for genital infection include unprotected...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-22
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
..., bronchitis, pneumonia, and cerebritis have all been reported ( 27 ). Pathologic Findings The gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of microsporidian infection, and endoscopic biopsy tissue is thus most frequently submitted for histologic examination. At endoscopy, there are typically...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-05
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... donors and blood products . Lancet   1998 ; 352 : 191 - 5 . 4. Global policy report on the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in WHO Member States . Geneva : World Health Organization (WHO) ; 2013 . https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-policy-reports-on-the-prevention...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-06
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... in 1980 when the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the disease officially eradicated; the last known natural case was reported in Somalia in 1977. This remains one of the most profound successes of public health to date, illustrating how a devastating infectious disease can be conquered ( 13...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-10
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... the disease. In addition, manifestations of chronic arthritis and uveitis (with long-term vision alterations), have been attributed to viral persistence. Pathologic Findings Postmortem examinations of Marburg virus fatalities (primarily cases from the 1967 outbreak in Europe and a single imported case report...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-11
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... , Piau   C , et al . Chronic meningococcemia: a report of 26 cases and literature review . Infection   2019 ; 47 : 285 - 8 . 17. Feldman   C , Anderson   R . Meningococcal pneumonia: a review . Pneumonia (Nathan)   2019 ; 11 : 3 . 18. Guarner   J , Greer   P , Whitney...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-04
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... viruses. The H5N1 avian influenza virus, usually acquired while handling infected poultry, has already caused human disease with high mortality rates. Although person-to-person transmission of this viral strain has been reported, this mode of transmission has not been sustained. Figure 4-1 illustrates...