.... Transplacental transmission from mother to fetus (usually by tachyzoites) occurs at any time during pregnancy and causes congenital toxoplasmosis. The frequency of transplacental transmission increases with gestational age: approximately 10 percent in the first, 30 percent in the second, and up to 70...

... persistent anemia, a transient aplastic crisis, and, if acquired during pregnancy, fetal hydrops, miscarriage, and intrauterine fetal death ( 3 ). Epidemiology Parvovirus B19 is ubiquitous and has a worldwide prevalence. In children under 5 years of age, seroprevalence approaches 20 percent, whereas...

... Factors Protective Factors Sickle cell disease Sickle cell trait Blood group B Hemoglobin C Pregnancy/postpartum Thalassemia HIV ^a infection Blood group O Malnutrition Duffy antigen negative Hyposplenism Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency...

..., and a thick white odorless “cottage cheese”-like discharge are characteristic. Spread of infection to the adjacent vulva, cervix, endometrium, and urethra can occur. Similar clinical changes may involve the penis as a candidal balanoposthitis. In pregnancy, ascending infection (acute...

... MANIFESTATIONS OF LISTERIOSIS Presentation Disease Clinical and Other Characteristics Associated with pregnancy Early onset in neonate Stillbirth or prematurity with sepsis at birth, fever, maculopapular rash, and jaundice Very high mortality Late onset in neonate Fever, irritability...

... of the protozoan. Although T. vaginalis infection was initially thought to be a fairly innocuous disease with minimal associated morbidity, numerous studies over the last two decades have highlighted significant adverse effects of this very common STD. T. vaginalis infection in pregnancy has been...

... In women, active infection during delivery can lead to congenital disease in the newborn In women: chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), resulting in ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and endometriosis In men: epididymitis In both: perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome), Reiter syndrome (uveitis...

... failure. Viruses known to cause myocarditis frequently also cause respiratory or gastrointestinal infections that are not associated with myocarditis. Host factors most likely determine an individual’s susceptibility to myocarditis and include pregnancy, sex hormone administration, age, exercise...

.... The estimated global incidence of neonatal HSV infection is 1 in 10,000 births. The potential for neonatal herpes transmission is higher when initial maternal infection occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy. HSV2 is usually acquired after the onset of sexual activity. Risk predictors for genital herpes...

... infections such as malaria, typhoid fever, and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Complications in patients who survive severe Lassa fever include deafness (in up to a quarter of patients) and gait disturbances ( 12 , 16 ). The infection is especially severe if it occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy...

... transfusion Similarly, ZIKV was confined to small outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and Polynesia before 2014, then rapidly spread through South and Central America. It was not until large numbers of individuals were infected, particularly during pregnancy, that the association with microcephaly was found. In 2016...

... as single or isolated exposures rather than an outbreak. Leptospira spp can be shed transiently in human urine. Less frequently, transmission occurs after a sexual encounter and during lactation. Infection during pregnancy can lead to transplacental (congenital) leptospirosis, although...

... intervention ( 24 , 30 , 39 ). Indications for surgery include small or relatively localized lesions in individuals without a satisfactory response to antifungals, and lesions in those in whom medical therapy may be contraindicated (e.g., due to pregnancy or lactation). Surgical treatment can also help reduce...

... is ongoing, there is usually an increase in hospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses and deaths, which lead to a significant social and economic burden. Risk factors for increased influenza morbidity and mortality are extremities of age (over 65 or under 5 years old), pregnancy, immunosuppression...

... with T-cell suppression such as patients with organ transplants and those with HIV infection, as well as women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Although even a single arthroconidium is capable of causing disease, the higher the inhaled arthroconidial dose by the host, the greater the risk of severe...

... failure within 8 weeks of the onset of symptoms. This is typically seen in combined HBV and HDV infection (especially at the time of HDV superinfection), hepatitis A in the elderly, those with underlying chronic HBV or HCV infection, chronic HCV with HBV superinfection, and HEV infection in pregnancy...

..., include a young age, pregnancy, underlying malignancy, malnutrition, alcoholism, and corticosteroid use. Amebic colitis usually has a subacute onset and symptoms range from mild to severe. There is usually gradually increasing lower abdominal discomfort, loose stools, and malodorous flatus...

... asymptomatic to severe and even lethal disease, the latter most frequently occurring in children. Borrelia infections during pregnancy can affect the fetus. Stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital infection can complicate louse-borne relapsing fevers occurring during gestation...