... to catheter or electrode insertion, particulate matter injected with IV drugs, or turbulent blood flow. The traumatic injury leads to the formation of a thrombus, which may remain sterile until seeded by bacteria. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS Figure 16-1 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTIVE...

..., thus enabling the fungal organisms to proliferate and infect tissues. Person-to-person transmission and nosocomial infection also occur, but are uncommon ( 4 ). Risk factors for infection include the extremities of age (which are associated with an immature or pathophysiologically senescent immune...

... entry site ( fig. 6-2 ). During pathophysiologic states such as stress or fever, HSV1 or 2 can reactivate and cause disease that is most frequently located at the initial site of inoculation. As HSV1 and 2 tend to infect a small number of cells, they usually give rise to a few lesions in a specific...

...   2006 ; 4 : 272 - 82 . 43. Wong   KT , Puthucheary   SD , Vadivelu   J . The histopathology of human melioidosis . Histopathology   1995 ; 26 : 51 - 5 . 44. Cheng   AC , Currie   BJ . Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management . Clin Microbiol Rev   2005...

... of pathophysiology, diagnosis, operative management, antimicrobial therapy, and pediatrics . Surg Infect (Larchmt)   2020 ; 21 : 81 - 93 . 3. van-Stigt   SF , de-Vries   J , Bijker   JB , et al . Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands . World J Emerg Surg   2016 ; 11...

.... Polak   SB , Van Gool   IC , Cohen   D , von der Thüsen   JH , van Paassen   J . A systematic review of pathological findings in COVID-19: a pathophysiological timeline and possible mechanisms of disease progression . Mod Pathol   2020 ; 33 : 2128 - 38 . 22. Valdivia-Mazeyra   MF...

... - 9 . 66. Sánchez   J , Holmgren   J . Cholera toxin structure, gene regulation and pathophysiological and immunological aspects . Cell Mol Life Sci   2008 ; 65 : 1347 - 60 . 67. Nelson   EJ , Harris   JB , Morris   JG , Calderwood   SB , Camilli   A . Cholera...

... , Fowler   V . Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management . Clin Microbiol Rev   2015 ; 28 : 603 - 61 . 23. Grousd   J , Rich   H , Alcor   J . Host-pathogen interactions in gram-positive bacterial pneumonia . Clin Micro...

... associated with preexisting autoimmune conditions, particularly type 1 diabetes mellitus. General Features. The etiology and pathophysiology of the condition is not established, however, leading hypotheses invoke the prolonged hyperglycemic state, expansion of the collagenous matrix and decreased...

... and arrhythmogenesis . Card Electrophysiol Clin   2015 ; 7 : 207 - 20 . 7. Nwabuo   CC , Vasan   RS.   Pathophysiology of hypertensive heart disease: beyond left ventricular hypertrophy . Curr Hypertens Rep   2020 ; 22 : 11 . 8. Rame   JE , Ramilo   M , Spencer   N , et al...

... cardiac massage . Circulation   1976 ; 53 : 562 - 4 . 10. Yogasundaram   H , Putko   BN , Tien   J , et al . Hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy: case report, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment . Can J Cardiol   2014 ; 30 : 1706 - 15 . 11. Roos   JM , Aubry...

...: epidemiology and pathophysiology . Cardiol Clin   2016 ; 34 : 401 - 11 . 5. Wijeratne   DT , Lajkosz   K , Brogly   SB , et al . Increasing incidence and prevalence of World Health Organization groups 1 to 4 pulmonary hypertension: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada . Circ...

... of myocardial infarction at autopsy: AECVP reappraisal in the light of the current clinical classification . Virchows Arch   2020 ; 476 : 179 - 94 . 14. Burke   AP , Virmani   R . Pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction . Med Clin North Am   2007 ; 91 : 553 - 72 . 15. Pasotti...

..., and reinfarction: pathophysiologic concepts . Prog Cardiovasc Dis   1987 ; 30 : 73 - 110 . 7. Hutchins   GM , Bulkley   BH . Infarct expansion versus extension: two different complications of acute myocardial infarction . Am J Cardiol   1978 ; 41 : 1127 - 32 . 8. Hutchins   KD...

..., pathological, haemodynamic, and echocardiographic profile . Br Heart J   1980 ; 44 : 621 - 9 . 8. Delling   FN , Vasan   RS . Epidemiology and pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse: new insights into disease progression, genetics, and molecular basis . Circulation   2014 ; 129 : 2158 - 70...

... . Pathophysiology of sepsis-triggered takotsubo syndrome . Acute Card Care   2014 ; 16 : 134 . 10. Oh   TK , Song   IA , Park   YM , et al . Prevalence and risk factors for postoperative stress-related cardiomyopathy in adults . PLoS One   2017 ; 12 : e0190065 . 11. Vitin   AA...

... ventricular outflow tract obstruction . Circulation   2006 ; 114 : 2232 - 9 . 23. Sherrid   MV , Chaudhry   FA , Swistel   DG . Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: echocardiography, pathophysiology, and the continuing evolution of surgery for obstruction . Ann Thorac Surg   2003 ; 75...

... disease is the formation of an aneurysm. This term refers to a dilatation of a structure beyond its normal or expected boundaries. Localized weakening in the vessel wall, owing to a variety of underlying pathologies, is the pathophysiologic mechanism for its formation. There are three major types...

... , Kolodgie   FD , Virmani   R . Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression . Heart Lung Circ   2013 ; 22 : 399 - 411 . 13. Libby   P . Mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes and their implications for therapy . N Engl J Med   2013 ; 368 : 2004 - 13 . 14. Newby   AC...