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Figure 1-1

MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Both adrenal gland and gon...

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in Physiology, Development, and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands > Tumors of the Adrenal Glands and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
Published: 01 December 2024
MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Figure 1-1 MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Both adrenal gland and gonadal pathways are shown. Functions distinguishing the adrenal cortical zones from each other and from the gonads are determined by differential expression More about this image found in MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Both adrenal gland and gon...
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Figure 1-15

Ki-67 IN FETAL ADRENAL GLAND Immunoreactivity for Ki-67 is abundant in the...

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in Physiology, Development, and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands > Tumors of the Adrenal Glands and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
Published: 01 December 2024
Ki-67 IN FETAL ADRENAL GLAND Figure 1-15 Ki-67 IN FETAL ADRENAL GLAND Immunoreactivity for Ki-67 is abundant in the definitive zone, which is the major site of cortical cell generation. Scattered individual stained cortical cells are also present in the provisional zone, along with aggregates More about this image found in Ki-67 IN FETAL ADRENAL GLAND Immunoreactivity for Ki-67 is abundant in the...
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Figure 9-2

ABDOMINAL PORTION OF THE PREAORTIC SYMPATHETIC TRUNK, WITH THE CELIAC AND H...

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in Paraganglia and Paragangliomas > Tumors of the Adrenal Glands and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
Published: 01 December 2024
ABDOMINAL PORTION OF THE PREAORTIC SYMPATHETIC TRUNK, WITH THE CELIAC AND HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUSES Figure 9-2 ABDOMINAL PORTION OF THE PREAORTIC SYMPATHETIC TRUNK, WITH THE CELIAC AND HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUSES The major distribution of abdominal paraganglia coincides with the distribution of nerve fibers More about this image found in ABDOMINAL PORTION OF THE PREAORTIC SYMPATHETIC TRUNK, WITH THE CELIAC AND H...
Book Chapter

Physiology, Development, and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-01
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... of steroid-producing cells ( 2 ), serves as a marker for steroid-producing tumors, and interacts in normal development with beta-catenin, which is frequently dysregulated in adrenal cortical carcinomas ( 3 ). PHYSIOLOGY Adrenal Cortex The adrenal cortex plays vital roles via the actions of three major...
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Book Chapter

Congenital Disorders of the Adrenal Gland

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-02
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... associated with major central nervous system (CNS) malformations, renal agenesis, and complex cardiac anomalies ( 4 ). Renal agenesis is sometimes associated with an adrenal gland of abnormal shape, which may be oval with a smooth contour. FUSION OF ADRENAL GLANDS Figure 2-3 FUSION OF ADRENAL...
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Book Chapter

Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-06
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant neoplasm originating from the steroidogenic epithelial cells of the adrenal cortex. EPIDEMIOLOGY ACC accounts for the majority of deaths attributable to primary adrenal neoplasia, but it is a rare disease, meeting the criteria for an “orphan...
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Adrenal Cortical Adenoma

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-05
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... and the signal decreases in the out-of-phase imaging ( figs. 5-4 , 5-5 ) ( 27 ). Lipid-rich adenomas, in particular, show high intensity signal on T1- and T2-weighted images. After contrast injection, the majority of adenomas show relatively regular enhancement on immediate gadolinium-enhanced images ( 28...
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Paraganglia and Paragangliomas

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-09
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... AND HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUSES The major distribution of abdominal paraganglia coincides with the distribution of nerve fibers from these plexuses. (Illustration by Henry Vandyke Carter, fig. 847 from Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. Lea and Febiger; 1918:965.) The extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglia are the major...
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Other Adrenal Neoplasms and Tumor-Like Lesions

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-12
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
..., which can closely mimic adenomatoid tumor but is distinguished by loss of BAP1 ( 40 ). Composite tumors consisting of adenomatoid tumor and cortical adenoma ( 41 ) or myelolipoma ( 42 ) have been reported. A major entity in the differential diagnosis is lymphangioma ( 38 ). Angiomyolipomas and Other...
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Book Chapter

Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, and Ganglioneuroma

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-11
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
.... In those cases, and for biopsies, the INPC classification can be applied, with the cautionary note that biopsies may be subject to sample bias. In the majority of cases, however, surgical resection specimens become available only after extensive chemotherapeutic treatment, yielding a specimen with varying...
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Book Chapter

Clinicopathologic Features of the Adrenal Cortex

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-03
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... kinases (CaMK) and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein. Therefore, it is not surprising that mutations in genes encoding different ion channels are frequent in the pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism ( 23 ). Mutations in ion channels are the major cause of aldosterone-producing adenomas...
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Book Chapter

Adrenal Cortical Nodular Diseases

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-04
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... (enriched for clear cells, with lower amounts of compact cells and oncocytic cells) and subtype 2 (less enriched for clear cells, but still in the majority, with larger subsets of compact cells) correlate significantly with pathogenic ARMC5 and KDM1A variants, respectively. Both subtypes 1...
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Pheochromocytoma and Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-08
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... the pathobiology of major cluster 1 tumors is impaired proteolytic degradation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, especially HIF2a. In normal cells, HIF2a protein levels increase in response to hypoxia and decrease by proteolytic degradation in response to oxygen ( 32 ). VHL protein mediates...
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Hereditary Predisposition to Adrenal Cortical Lesions

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-07
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... associated with Lynch syndrome ( 91 ). In contrast to these data, a prevalence of 0.47 percent of adrenal cortical carcinomas has been recently described among 634 patients from 220 Lynch families ( 92 ). All cases in this latter series harbored mutations in the MSH2 gene, as for the vast majority...
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Figure 3-42

PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY Some patients with PML have an ...

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in Central Nervous System > Pathology of Non-Helminth Infectious Diseases
Published: 01 September 2024
(gadolinium) enhancement, which is usually not present in the majority of patients who have noninflammatory PML. More about this image found in PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY Some patients with PML have an ...
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Sexually Transmitted and Urogenital Infections

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-09
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... leukoencephalopathy (HIVLE) HIV-CD8 encephalitis (HIV-CD8E) HAND (HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder [NCD]):  Asymptomatic NCD (AND)  Mild NCD (MND)  HIV-associated dementia (HAD) Vacuolar myelopathy (spinal cord only) Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Table 9-1 MAJOR DISEASES...
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Book Chapter

Central Nervous System

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-03
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
...Table 3-2 CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT NEUTROTROPIC FLAVIVIRUSES Virus Estimate of Asymptomatic Individuals Incubation Period Mild Disease Severe Disease Complications ZIKV Majority 3-14 days Headache, malaise, fever, conjunctivitis, rash, muscle and joint pain Lasts 2-7...
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Central Nervous System

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-11
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
..., and specific, and enabling investigation of potential antibiotic resistance ( 19 ). This is a vaccine-preventable disease and highly effective conjugate vaccines are available, safe, and highly immunogenic. The antibodies created against meningococcal capsular polysaccharides play a major role in protection...
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Book Chapter

Lymph Nodes and Bone Marrow

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-17
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... an inhibitory effect on the proinflammatory response. Control of the infection is usually due to cellular immune mechanisms that involve CD4 and CD8 T cells. Major target organs in tularemia are the lymph nodes, spleen, lung, liver, and kidney ( 10 ). Study of fine-needle aspirates from affected lymph nodes...
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Skin and Soft Tissue

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-28
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
..., and variable clinical manifestations and degrees of therapeutic response. The organisms causing cutaneous disease are divided into Old and New World species. Old World species include L. major, L tropica, and L. aethiopica, which are prevalent in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions...
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