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Book Chapter

Hypopharynx, Larynx, and Trachea

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-6
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
... to specific components of the arches and ultimately producing the functional adult oropharyngeal apparatus ( 3 ). The pharyngeal endoderm plays an important role in directing branchial arch development ( 3 ). During the fourth to sixth weeks of gestation, the endoderm lining the branchial arches forms...
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Book Chapter

Nasopharynx

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-3
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
... of the nasopharynx is important since management considerations, which are in part influenced by advances in radiotherapy techniques, differ from other types of head and neck cancer ( 10 ). Nasopharyngeal carcinomas are treated principally by radiotherapy, with or without combined chemotherapy and without surgical...
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Book Chapter

Oropharynx

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-2
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
..., particularly at the bases, that are immature and basaloid, and feature round to oval nuclei ( 11 ). This becomes important when considering the nonkeratinizing morphology they frequently express and for the unusual clinical behavior in which the tumors metastasize to lymph nodes early and often. Clinical...
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Book Chapter

Neck

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-7
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
... ). The neck develops from a complex mixture of mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm, and neural crest cells that migrate into the pharyngeal arches to form structures together with other tissues ( 2 ). The most important structure for the pathologist is the branchial apparatus, consisting of branchial arches...
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Book Chapter

Jaw

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-5
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
... in the extragnathic skeleton other than as rarely reported curiosities. Many of the odontogenic tumors recapitulate odontogenesis, and a cursory understanding of odontogenesis is important to understand this area of pathology. Odontogenesis begins about the sixth week in utero. Within the surface ectoderm...
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Book Chapter

Ear and Temporal Bone

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-8
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
... is a diagnosis of exclusion, only made with appropriate immunohistochemistry to exclude other specific diagnoses, a panel approach is an important one to consider. Markers of epithelial (pancytokeratin [ fig. 8-31C ], EMA, p40 [ fig. 8-31D ], p63, CK5/6), melanocytic (SOX10 [ fig. 8-31F ], S-100 protein [ fig. 8...
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Book Chapter

Oral Cavity

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
...EMBRYOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND HISTOLOGY Embryology and Anatomy The anatomic nomenclature of the oral cavity is important to recognize because particular neoplastic processes can have an affinity for specific anatomic locations. Awareness of the oral cavity anatomy enhances communication between...
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Book Chapter

Sinonasal Cavity

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 22
Published: 01 June 2025
10.55418/9781933477619-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-61-9
... practical role for ancillary studies in making a diagnosis of REAH. Although myoepithelial/basal cell markers are positive in most REAHs, an absence does not support a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma ( 81 ). Differential Diagnosis. The most important lesion to exclude is a low-grade sinonasal adenocarcinoma...
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Figure 1-1

MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Both adrenal gland and gon...

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in Physiology, Development, and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands > Tumors of the Adrenal Glands and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
Published: 01 December 2024
variety of tissues. A small amount of testosterone may be produced in the adrenal zona reticularis by 17β-HSD type 5 (also known as aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 [AKR1C3]). (Fig. 5 from Asa SL, Uccella S, Tischler A. The unique importance of differentiation and function in endocrine neoplasia More about this image found in MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Both adrenal gland and gon...
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Figure 19-1

CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI BASED ON PATHOGENICITY

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in Overview > Pathology of Non-Helminth Infectious Diseases
Published: 01 September 2024
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI BASED ON PATHOGENICITY Figure 19-1 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI BASED ON PATHOGENICITY More about this image found in CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI BASED ON PATHOGENICITY
Book Chapter

Physiology, Development, and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-01
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... is important both in helping to discriminate pathologic findings from normal anatomic variants ( 1 ) and for increasing awareness of variants such as adrenal cortical ectopia and fusions that can be diagnostic pitfalls, occasionally mimicking neoplasms. Molecular identification of factors that regulate adrenal...
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Book Chapter

Clinicopathologic Features of the Adrenal Cortex

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-03
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... and/or CRH is responsible for only about 10 percent of cases. An important differential diagnosis is the pseudo-Cushing syndrome, which is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, insulin-resistant obesity, and polycystic ovary syndrome ( 4 ). There is mild to moderate ACTH-dependent...
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Book Chapter

Familial and Syndrome-Related Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-10
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...-established immunohistochemical protocols, loss of protein expression can validate the significance of a molecular variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Pathology is also important in determining whether a second type of tumor in a patient with a pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma is actually part...
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Book Chapter

Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, and Ganglioneuroma

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-11
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
..., but conversely, NBL or GNBL is diagnosed in 50 to 80 percent of children with OMS ( 33 ). Finally, heterochromia iridis is a rare, but potentially important sign associated with cervical or mediastinal NBL or GNBL. The heterochromia results from prenatal or postnatal interruption of sympathetic tracts...
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Book Chapter

Other Adrenal Neoplasms and Tumor-Like Lesions

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-12
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... to benign or malignant vascular tumors, most of which are derived from blood vessels. An important diagnostic consideration is the need to distinguish these tumors from a reparative vascular proliferation, which can occur in recanalization of hemorrhage in other types of tumor or in non-neoplastic...
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Book Chapter

Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-06
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... ( 84 ). CT features suggestive of an ACC rather than a benign adrenal mass include the presence of irregular borders, hemorrhage, or calcifications ( 35 , 58 ). In a recent study, necrosis was the most important imaging feature significantly associated with ACC (odds ratio 35, 95 percent confidence...
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Book Chapter

Pheochromocytoma and Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-08
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... pleomorphism (score = 1), and hyperchromasia (score = 1). Focal or confluent necrosis is important (score = 2) ( fig. 8-48 ). Proliferative features include increased mitotic figures (more than 3 per 10 high-power fields; score = 2) and atypical mitotic figures (score = 2) ( fig. 8-49 ). Calculating...
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Book Chapter

Paraganglia and Paragangliomas

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-09
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... paragangliomas in different anatomic locations and hereditary syndromes ( 7 , 8 ). Familiarity with the normal distribution of paraganglia is important because paragangliomas occur with the greatest frequency in areas where paraganglionic tissue is most abundant during development or in adult life, and occur...
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Book Chapter

Congenital Disorders of the Adrenal Gland

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-02
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
.... Many cells contain coarse, granular pigment, which is lipofuscin. Distinction between adrenal rest tumor and Leydig cell tumor is important because adrenal rest tumors are invariably benign, while approximately 10 percent percent of Leydig cell tumors are malignant ( 31 ). Differential diagnosis...
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Book Chapter

Hereditary Predisposition to Adrenal Cortical Lesions

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Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-07
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... adenomatous polyposis; PPNAD = primary pigmented micronodular adrenal disease. Beyond the pathologic and clinical features of these diseases, the identification of a germ-line mutation is of paramount importance for patient management and follow-up. The implementation of next-generation sequencing...
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