Search Results for fusion

..., or assessment of donor organs for transplantation. In other situations, an underlying genetic disorder affecting hormone synthesis may alter adrenal anatomy or a functional tumor may arise in ectopic or malformed adrenal tissue. ADRENAL ADHESION, UNION, AND FUSION Adrenal adhesion and adrenal...

... of melanocytic markers in PEComas is associated with TSC2 alterations or TFE3 fusions, which are also the main drivers of tumor development, but a one to one correlation is not always present ( 45 ). Nuclear immunoreactivity for TFE3 protein and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH...

... the entities mentioned in the section above ( Table 11-5 ). Many of these entities have highly specific chromosomal abnormalities. Table 11-5 RECURRENT MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN SMALL BLUE ROUND CELL TUMORS Tumor Type Molecular Abnormality Ewing sarcoma FET::ETS fusion Alveolar...

... mutations and MAML3 fusions that alter the WNT signaling pathway and is usually associated with both adrenergic and noradrenergic secretion. Considerable diversity exists within these clusters according to the specific mutated gene and tumor location. A common denominator underlying...

... (although without the presence of TFE3 fusion) thus representing a potential diagnostic pitfall ( 99 ) that can be solved by genomic or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of the TFE3 gene. PROGNOSIS Adrenal cortical adenomas are biologically benign, thus with no potential...

..., while TMEM127 and MAX were added to cluster 2. A third cluster, consisting of pheochromocytomas with somatic CSDE1 mutations and MAML3 fusions and characterized by Wnt signaling, was later described ( 7 ). This latter group is sporadic and not discussed...

... is important both in helping to discriminate pathologic findings from normal anatomic variants ( 1 ) and for increasing awareness of variants such as adrenal cortical ectopia and fusions that can be diagnostic pitfalls, occasionally mimicking neoplasms. Molecular identification of factors that regulate adrenal...

... cases occur in heterotopic/ectopic locations, more frequently in the retro-peritoneum and pelvis ( 26 – 32 ). Adrenohepatic fusion/adhesion or heterotopia/ectopia may explain the occurrence of rare examples of hepatic ACCs ( 33 ). Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics ACC is associated with highly...

... with surrounding halo, and basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (which may occasionally mimic yeasts). PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS Figure 4-31 PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS A: Multinucleated giant cell formation (due to fusion of infected cells) in lung infection. B: Viral particles were confirmed by appropriate...

..., mediastinal, and disseminated infection ( Table 23-1 ). Once in the phagocytic vacuole, the fungal yeast survives by inactivating nitrogen and oxygen radicals, as well as preventing vacuole acidification and lysosomal fusion. The yeast also modulates the vacuole microenvironment, acquiring iron...

... lysosomal fusion, and excluding entry of cathepsin D. The organisms then translocate from the phagosome to the cytoplasm and multiply. This replication in the cytosol is dependent on the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI). Finally, the infected cells undergo apoptosis, releasing the bacteria...

... spread via contaminated fruit juice and date palm sap, in which the virus can survive for several days. Person-to-person transmission also occurs through direct contact or secretions. The Nipah virus RNA encodes for two surface proteins, fusion protein (F) and attachment glycoprotein (G), as well...

... tract is the most common site of microsporidian infection, and endoscopic biopsy tissue is thus most frequently submitted for histologic examination. At endoscopy, there are typically no abnormalities, such as enteritis or ulceration, although scalloping of intestinal valvulae and villous fusion may...

... abnormalities of gastrointestinal nerve tissue. There is typically no endoscopic abnormality and often no or minimal nonspecific microscopic pathology ( 37 ). Subtle changes such as villous blunting, broadening and fusion, surface epithelial vacuolization and disarray, epithelial apoptosis, increase in lamina...

..., forming cytoplasmic protrusions that aid the bacilli in entering other cells ( 42 ). The bacteria also enter other cells using their polar flagella. The actin-based membrane protrusions, together with a type VI secretion system, enhance the fusion of multiple macrophages to form multinucleated giant cells...

... not produce sustained viral suppression. AZT is now one of many nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). The other five approved classes of antiretroviral drugs include: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), protease inhibitor (PI), fusion inhibitor, and chemokine coreceptor...