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in Physiology, Development, and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands
> Tumors of the Adrenal Glands and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
Published: 01 December 2024
MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Figure 1-1 MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Both adrenal gland and gonadal pathways are shown. Functions distinguishing the adrenal cortical zones from each other and from the gonads are determined by differential expression More about this image found in MAJOR BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS FOR STEROIDOGENESIS Both adrenal gland and gon...
Images
in Physiology, Development, and Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands
> Tumors of the Adrenal Glands and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
Published: 01 December 2024
INHIBIN EXPRESSION IN NORMAL ADRENAL GLAND Figure 1-52 INHIBIN EXPRESSION IN NORMAL ADRENAL GLAND Inhibin is expressed in the adrenal cortex in a variable and often patchy distribution, suggesting an association with different functional states. The greatest expression is in the zona reticularis More about this image found in INHIBIN EXPRESSION IN NORMAL ADRENAL GLAND Inhibin is expressed in the adr...
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in Hereditary Predisposition to Adrenal Cortical Lesions
> Tumors of the Adrenal Glands and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
Published: 01 December 2024
A: Multiple adrenal cortical nodules of varying size are present throughout the adrenal gland (representative sections). B: Higher magnification of two additional sections showing that the residual adrenal cortex away from nodules is atrophic, consistent with autonomous function of the nodular areas. More about this image found in PRIMARY BILATERAL MACRONODULAR ADRENAL CORTICAL DISEASE IN A PATIENT WITH A...
Images
Published: 01 December 2024
. This appearance is often associated with SDHB mutation. B: The strong, diffuse expression of synaptophysin highlights a mixed pattern of nested, trabecular, and diffuse histoarchitecture. C: Immunohistochemical stain for tyrosine hydroxylase shows intratumoral heterogeneity at the functional level More about this image found in ABDOMINAL PARAGANGLIOMA A: The tumor, from a patient with a hereditary mut...
Images
Published: 01 December 2024
for the development of metastases, but no other tumors were detectable. Staining for neuroendocrine markers showed the usual trend for these markers: synaptophysin > chromogranin > tyrosine hydroxylase. Although decreased expression of functional markers in paragangliomas is often associated with mutations More about this image found in MESENTERIC PARAGANGLIOMA A: This paraganglioma composed of basophilic and ...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-01
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... during embryogenesis and to function normally throughout life. A fundamental knowledge of normal adrenal function, development, and structure is essential to interpret the pathology and pathobiology of these complex organs. Familiarity with normal adrenal development from an anatomic standpoint...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-09
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...DEVELOPMENT, ANATOMY, AND FUNCTION OF NORMAL PARAGANGLIA Paraganglia are neuroendocrine organs associated with paraxial sympathetic nerves and branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in the head and neck. In the late 19th century, the anatomist Alfred Kohn proposed...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-05
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... as functioning tumors. The risk of malignancy associated with an adrenal cortical adenoma is approximately 10 percent, with a significant association with size ( 3 ). Patients with incidentally discovered lesions that were thought to be nonfunctioning develop subtle or overt endocrine hyperfunction during follow...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-07
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... adrenal cortical nodules of varying size are present throughout the adrenal gland (representative sections). B: Higher magnification of two additional sections showing that the residual adrenal cortex away from nodules is atrophic, consistent with autonomous function of the nodular areas. ADRENAL...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-03
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...Because the adrenal cortex is the site of synthesis of several hormones, adrenal cortical tumors can be associated with endocrine syndromes that vary depending on the function of the hormone(s) released. The main hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-10
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
....” These tumors typically do not give rise to florid symptoms and are often nonfunctional or produce only the dopamine metabolite methoxytyramine; mutations in VHL or EPAS1 are more often associated with noradrenergic function, which is referred to as “immature secretory phenotype.” Cluster 2...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-06
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... adrenal, and therefore ACC has a higher chance to occur ( 23 ). Synchronous or metachronous bilateral involvement may occur, comprising roughly 2 to 10 percent of cases ( 24 ), including functioning cases ( 25 ), but the possibility of a contralateral adrenal metastasis should be considered. Exceptional...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-04
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
..., including multiple, bilateral bead-like small nodules ( 33 , 37 ). Functional imaging studies using iodine-131-6-β-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP-59) scintigraphy/PET scans help to identify the bilateral nature of the disease in ACTH-independent Cushing disease with borderline or normal CT scans ( 38...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-12
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... and metabolic mechanisms ( 7 ). Regardless of the route to discovery, once an adrenal mass is found, integrated radiologic, hormonal, and clinical evaluation is required to guide patient management. Several algorithms have been developed to help distinguish functional from nonfunctional and benign from...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-02
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
..., or assessment of donor organs for transplantation. In other situations, an underlying genetic disorder affecting hormone synthesis may alter adrenal anatomy or a functional tumor may arise in ectopic or malformed adrenal tissue. ADRENAL ADHESION, UNION, AND FUSION Adrenal adhesion and adrenal...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-08
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...The largest paraganglion is the adrenal medulla, a sympathetic organ that secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). The adrenal medulla has long been recognized to be structurally and functionally distinct from the adrenal cortex; in older literature, the development...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-11
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...-of-function mutations occur, and paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B), in which germline loss-of-function mutations have been described and in which patients may also have central congenital hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine curse) and/or Hirschsprung disease ( 24 – 27 ). Apart from germline mutations...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-07
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... function and help in ruling out other causes of a similar clinical presentation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) helps uncover inflammation, by identifying cardiac muscle edema and hyperemia. The pathogenesis of infectious, and in particular viral, myocarditis is complex since the different...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-02
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... encephalopathy in camels. Prion proteins (PrP) have been found in bacteria and yeasts, and their function varies ( 5 ). Surveillance criteria for spongiform encephalopathies have been established by the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ( 11...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-01
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... . Illustrative Case: A 47-year-old man presents with declining renal function 9 months post-renal transplant. A renal core biopsy demonstrates chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with tubular atrophy, early interstitial fibrosis, and focally atypical renal tubular epithelial cells ( fig. 1-9A–C ). The latter...
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