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Images
Published: 01 December 2024
ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA: ALTERED RETICULIN PATTERNS Figure 6-28 ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA: ALTERED RETICULIN PATTERNS Irregular reticulin pattern as highlighted by silver staining techniques, either in the form of “quantitative” changes (large nests disrupting the regular alveolar pattern typ... More about this image found in ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA: ALTERED RETICULIN PATTERNS Irregular reticulin...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-03
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... features underpinning these conditions, with a critical role in the multidisciplinary team ( 1 ). CUSHING SYNDROME Cushing syndrome is a systemic disorder originally described by Harvey Cushing in 1932 ( 2 ) and caused by excess glucocorticoids that result in alterations in the structure...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-04
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...Adrenal cortical hyperplasia is a general term for a condition characterized by an increased number of cortical cells leading to an increase in size and weight of the gland. However, this term is currently considered a misnomer for almost all diseases that are defined as primary of the adrenal...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-12
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... of adrenal enlargement include hemorrhages, cysts, amyloidosis, infections, and noninfectious inflammatory conditions. Each of these entities can be confusing both clinically and radiologically. In some cases, the clinical context and imaging characteristics allow for a presumptive diagnosis ( 1 – 3...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-07
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... adrenal lesion or in the context of Carney complex ( 9 ). These conditions can present as sporadic or familial forms, but familial PPNAD as part of the Carney complex is the most common presentation. Carney complex was first described in 1985 as a sporadic or familial disease with autosomal dominant...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-01
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... conditions of chronic stress increases the adrenal glands’ capacity to produce cortisol by exerting a trophic effect on the zona fasciculata. The fight or flight response is a function of adult adrenal glands, in which the chromaffin cell acts essentially as a modified postganglionic sympathetic neuron...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-10
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... is an E3 ubiq-uitin ligase that targets HIF1α for proteasomal degradation. In low oxygen conditions, down-regulation of pVHL allows HIF1α to dimerize with HIF1β, stimulating transcription of VEGF, PDGFβ, and erythropoietin; these are also activated in VHL-associated tumors that exhibit the hypoxia-mediated...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-06
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
...: ALTERED RETICULIN PATTERNS Figure 6-28 ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA: ALTERED RETICULIN PATTERNS Irregular reticulin pattern as highlighted by silver staining techniques, either in the form of “quantitative” changes (large nests disrupting the regular alveolar pattern typical of benign conditions (A,B...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-08
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... ubiquitination of HIF2a, leading to its proteolytic degradation under normoxic conditions. Signaling pathways in pseudohypoxic tumors caused by VHL mutations therefore predominantly reflect a direct effect of the loss of function of VHL. In contrast, tumors caused by mutations of SDHx...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-02
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... and a cytomegalic form ( 5 ). AHC can occur as an X-linked form due to DAX1 mutation, and is associated with a number of single gene disorders and various chromosomal abnormalities. Bilateral adrenal agenesis is a rare condition that is incompatible with postnatal life without hormone replacement ( 6...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-05
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... context of adrenal cortical adenoma is discussed separately in chapter 7 . No specific etiologic factors, including environmental and other predisposing conditions, are recognized in sporadic cases, although recently a population-based study identified an increased risk to develop adrenal cortical...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 21
Published: 01 December 2024
10.55418/9781933477473-09
ISBN-10: 1-933477-47-4
ISBN: 978-1-933477-47-3
... Dev 1998 ; 12 : 3320 - 4 . 21. Tella SH , Taieb D , Pacak K . HIF-2alpha: Achilles’ heel of pseudohypoxic subtype paraganglioma and other related conditions . Eur J Cancer 2017 ; 86 : 1 - 4 . 22. Tischler AS , Asa SL . Paraganglia . In: Mills SE...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-24
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
.... This form of the disease may mimic a number of other dermatologic conditions because of its protean manifestations ( 7 , 8 ). Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis is rare, and evolves due to hematogenous dissemination of organisms from the initial site of inoculation to other noncontiguous...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-16
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... endocarditis is rheumatic heart disease, although the increasingly effective treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis has caused this underlying condition to decrease ( 3 ). Other risk factors include degenerative valvular and congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and underlying malignancy. The frequency...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-29
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... habits of triatomine insects while travelling in America, also described his own symptoms (which were compatible with acute T. cruzi infection) and died of a “heart condition,” suggesting that he had Chagas disease. Epidemiology Chagas disease is a zoonotic infection that primarily occurs...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-11
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... measures are required should an autopsy be performed on an individual with meningococcal disease ( 14 ). Several factors determine the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease. These include conditions pertaining to exposure and organism acquisition, bacterial virulence factors, and host factors...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-21
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... in found in soil and animal burrows in desert areas, especially in parts with dense populations of small mammals, since Coccidioides is able to degrade keratin and use it as a carbon source ( 24 ). In favorable conditions, the soil mycelia mature to form chains of arthrospores or arthroconidia...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-15
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
...NECROTIZING FASCIITIS AND NECROTIZING SKIN INFECTIONS General Considerations, Including Etiology and Synonyms Bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissue encompass a spectrum of conditions, ranging from those that are confined and superficial (e.g., folliculitis) to the fulminant and life...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-09
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). As cohorts of treated infected individuals get older, age-related co-morbidities combine with chronic HIV infection to produce disabilities whose scale is not yet understood. This chapter focuses on the conditions directly caused by HIV and its treatment. It is organized...
Book Chapter
Series: Atlases of Tumor and Non-Tumor Pathology, Series 5
Volume: 20
Published: 01 September 2024
10.55418/9781933477435-04
ISBN-10: 1-933477-43-1
ISBN: 978-1-933477-43-5
... asymptomatic Severe cases can have fever, cough, sore throat, myalgia, head ache, and shortness of breath Other symptoms and complications Rare Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea Acute renal failure MERS-CoV infections can show exacerbation of cardiac conditions requiring...
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