... and weakness. The skin becomes thin and pigmented striae are prominent. Easy bruising is common. One of the most common presenting features is insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, often overlooked as a pivotal manifestation of glucocorticoid excess. Patients may develop hypertension, dyslipidemia...

...Congenital adrenal gland abnormalities may manifest anatomically, hormonally, or as a combination of the two, and thus present challenges to pathologists and clinicians. A common occurrence is the need to distinguish ectopic cortical tissue from tumor in cancer staging, abdominal surgery...

... pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma has increased since the publica tion of the 2017 WHO classification of tumors of endocrine organs ( 8 ). However, reconsideration of the entire paraganglioma nomenclature may be beneficial in view of current understanding of both the commonalities and differences between...

..., and molecular features of the oncocytic cells are similar to oncocytes in other organs and tumors, including the presence of abundant mitochondria and the mitochondrial DNA common deletion ( 36 ). While oncocytic changes may be frequent in adrenal cortical adenomas, they should be predominant (more than 75...

... Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of endocrine origin ( 13 ). They are now the second most common adrenal incidentaloma, after cortical adenomas in some series ( 14 ). While most myelolipomas arise in the adrenal gland, extra-adrenal locations have been reported, including liver, kidney, spleen...

... that are common in ACCs are also prevalent in adenomas, including somatic CTN-NB1 and MEN1 mutations ( 20 ). A genome-wide gene expression study documented an overlap of about 36 percent among genes differentially expressed in adenoma and carcinoma compared to normal adrenal cortex, mainly...

... that manifest with PPGLs ( 2 - 4 ). Table 10-1 provides a summary of the genes, their chromosomal locations, the syndromes to which they give rise, the most common PPGL locations, and other associated lesions. Genotype-phenotype correlations have been identified that allow the classification of these tumors...

... neuroendocrine tumors and with the 2017 expert consensus proposal by the WHO and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) aiming to achieve a common classification framework ( 36 ). Accordingly, the previous binary classification into “benign” and “malignant” paragangliomas is no longer employed...

... be found on imaging, at autopsy, or during the histopathologic examination of adrenalectomy specimens undertaken for other reasons ( 6 ). They may be more common in elderly and hypertensive patients, but they rare in the pediatric population. NODULAR ADRENAL GLAND Figure 4-1 NODULAR ADRENAL GLAND...

... adrenal lesion or in the context of Carney complex ( 9 ). These conditions can present as sporadic or familial forms, but familial PPNAD as part of the Carney complex is the most common presentation. Carney complex was first described in 1985 as a sporadic or familial disease with autosomal dominant...

.... A partial or complete cuff of lipid-containing cortical cells is present about the intraglandular portion of the central vein or its tributaries (see fig. 1-23 ). It is also common to see small (usually 1 to 2 mm), intramedullary foci of cortical tissue, with or without apparent connection to overlying...

..., both cell types, i.e., Schwann cell progenitor cells and neural crest progenitor cells, are potentially implicated as cells of origin. Epidemiology NBL and GNBL are the most common extracranial solid tumors in infancy and childhood, with an incidence of 9.7 cases per million in the entire pediatric...

... of the cervix, vagina, and urethra, and is considered the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the world ( 1 ). The protozoan is an obligate parasite that ingests bacteria, red blood cells, and cellular debris, and replicates by binary fission. Epidemiology T. vaginalis has...

..., certain species such as S. brasiliensis are geographically restricted. The fungus thrives in warm, humid climates and grows in soil, wood, and decaying vegetation. Wood splinters, thorns, and sphagnum moss are common sources of inoculation of this sapronotic infection into the skin. Consequently...

... effects of the organisms on tissue. This common worldwide infection may be complicated by bowel perforation, peritoneal dissemination, extraintestinal spread, and metastatic abscess formation. E. histolytica is classified as a category B biodefense organism because of its environmental stability...

... (from reduced cell-mediated immunity) and virus infection-associated cancers; these diseases are more common, and are described in the appropriate chapters in this book. Following HIV infection through epithelium or via infected blood, the virus enters CD4-positive T cells, becomes incorporated...

... poisoning, is the most common form of GIT bacterial infection in high income countries and can also sometimes occur as disease outbreaks. Bacteria most frequently implicated include nontyphi Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium spp, certain strains of Escherichia...

... be cultured in the laboratory and form mucoid colonies that are identified using a variety of biochemical methods. The characteristics of common human fungus infections are shown in Table 19-1 . PROTOTHECA SPP Figure 19-9 PROTOTHECA SPP Culture (A), lactophenol cotton blue preparation (B...

... Hepatocellular carcinoma Antivirals (tenofivir, entecavir and pegylated interferon) Hepatitis C (HCV) Flaviviridae Positive-strand RNA 55 nm in diameter 6 major and 1 minor genotype Parenteral via blood and bodily fluids (especially IV drug use) Perinatal and sexual transmission much less common than HBV...

... of appearances, including ulceration, nodules, and verrucous change ( fig. 21-2 ). Bone lesions are usually lytic and associated with pain, draining sinuses, and surrounding erythema. The prostate gland is the most common urinary tract site involved. Immunocompromised individuals, including those receiving...