... result in the production of viral particles. Endothelial involvement with upregulation of the TNFα pathway and associated endothelialitis are also thought to mediate endothelial apoptosis and release of various cellular antigens, which may later precipitate autoimmune manifestations ( 8 ). The host...

... of endocarditis are infectious in nature, endocardial inflammation can also be due to noninfectious causes (nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis [NBTE]). The latter group includes immune complex deposits in autoimmune disease (e.g., Libman-Sacks endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid...

..., autoimmune disease, and organ transplant. Disease due to this fungus was originally called penicilliosis (the organism was initially classified as Penicillium marneffei), but is now more correctly referred to as talaromycosis ( 4 ). The clinical features of talaromycosis include fever...

... response and parasite-induced cell lysis, parasite-induced autoimmunity, cytotoxicity due to production of antibodies with an eosinophil response, damage to the microvasculature, parasite DNA integration into the host cells, and neuronal damage (primarily in chagasic megaesophagus and megacolon). Although...

... toxoid, snake/insect venom, and others Drugs Clozapine, diuretics, antibiotics, catecholamines, chloroquine, and others Systemic disease (including autoimmune) Sarcoidosis, celiac disease, Kawasaki disease, thyrotoxicosis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and others Unknown Causes (based...

... hepatitis (which may demonstrate associated eosinophils), toxin-associated liver injury (often showing zonal and predominantly centrilobular necrosis), an acute form of nonviral hepatitis (especially autoimmune hepatitis, frequently revealing abundant plasma cells), and metabolic disorders (such as Wilson...

... as postinfectious complications. There is a controversial association between Yersinia spp and autoimmune thyroiditis (particularly Graves disease) ( 44 ). Pathologic Findings As described above, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are primarily intestinal pathogens...

..., various forms of immune suppression (such as medication for an organ transplant, malignancy, or autoimmune disease, as well as untreated human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection), and age over 60 years. Early-onset newborn listeriosis or stillbirth occurs when a pregnant woman develops invasive...

... is affected, the disease is called Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome Although rare, heart and neurologic complications can occur B. henselae Systemic Mimics manifestations of autoimmune disease, such as juvenile arthritis, myositis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura...

... vaccination ( 43 ). SSPE is thought to be an autoimmune disease, and most cases occur in persons with imbalances in humoral and cellular immunity. The earlier the patient is exposed to measles virus (often at under 1 year of age), the greater the chance that SSPE will develop due to immaturity of the immune...

... Greatly thickened bile ducts. Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome. Histologically, central bile ductules have surrounding chronic inflammation and undergo obliteration ( fig. 9-26 ). The differential diagnosis includes autoimmune disease (primary biliary cirrhosis), HIV infection, drugs, including nevirapine...

... system), administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (which disrupt the normal microbiome, particularly in the gastrointestinal and female genital tracts), iatrogenic immune suppression (secondary to antineoplastic therapy, organ transplantation, and treatment of autoimmune disease), underlying...

... tissue infections has increased dramatically in recent years. This is due to the growing number of patients on immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., for organ transplants or autoimmune disease), increasing trends in cosmetic surgery (such as implants, liposuction, tattooing, and acupuncture), other surgical...

... a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inhibitor for autoimmune or chronic inflammatory bowel disease, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected, and organ transplant recipients are at high risk for severe disease, ARDS, dissemination, and reactivation of previous blastomycosis. Pathologic Findings...

... are the most common acute neurologic complication, although three long-term neurologic sequelae are well documented in measles. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease triggered by MeV infection. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE...

... with rheumatoid arthritis . Korean Circ J   2016 ; 46 : 425 - 8 . AUTOIMMUNE VALVULITIS Systemic Lupus Erythematosus TREATMENT Other Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disorders NONBACTERIAL (MARANTIC) THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS Definition.  Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), also referred...

... associated with preexisting autoimmune conditions, particularly type 1 diabetes mellitus. General Features. The etiology and pathophysiology of the condition is not established, however, leading hypotheses invoke the prolonged hyperglycemic state, expansion of the collagenous matrix and decreased...

... . The diagnosis and classification of giant cell arteritis . J Autoimmun   2014 ; 48-49 : 73 – 5 . 40. Cavazza   A , Muratore   F , Boiardi   L , et al . Inflamed temporal artery: histologic findings in 354 biopsies, with clinical correlations . Am J Surg Pathol   2014 ; 38 : 1360 - 70...

... autoimmune (collagen vascular) disease. A slight majority are female, with a mean age of 50 years ( 41 ). The most common syndromes are systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, and Sjogren syndrome ( 42 , 43 ). Compared to other etiologies, patients...

... Viral infection Hypersensitivity (including drug) reaction Autoimmune (collagen/vascular) disorder Helminth infection Drug reaction Hypereosinophilic syndrome Spirochete sp infection Mycoplasma sp infection Rickettsial sp infection Allergy/asthma Giant...