Appendix: Abbreviations, Latin Terms, and Normal Measurements

doi:10.55418/9781933477299-appendix01

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Part 12

APPENDIX OUTLINE

Appendix 1.

Abbreviations

Appendix 2.

English Equivalents of Latin Terms

Appendix 3.

Predicted Normal Heart Weight (g), from Formalin-Fixed Specimens, as a Function of Body Weight in 392 Women and 373 Men, 20 to 99 Years Old

Appendix 4.

Predicted Normal Heart Height (g), from Formalin-Fixed Specimens, as a Function of Body Height in 392 Women and 373 Men, 20 to 99 Years Old

Appendix 5.

Proposed Normal Heart Weights, Independent of Age, Body Weight, Body Length (Height), or Body Mass Index (BMI), Based on 212 Fresh (Unfixed) Specimens from Young Adults in Three Studies

Appendix 6.

Predicted Normal Heart Weight (g), from Formalin-Fixed Specimens, as a Function of Body Weight in 100 Females and 100 Males Younger Than 20 Years

Appendix 7.

Predicted Normal Heart Weight (g), from Formalin-Fixed Specimens, as a Function of Body Height in 100 Females and 100 Males Younger Than 20 Years

Appendix 8.

Normal Heart Weight (g), from Fresh (Unfixed) Specimens, in 453 Infants

Appendix 9.

Normal Heart Weight (g), from Fresh (Unfixed) Specimens, in 533 Fetuses, from 12 to 42 Weeks of Gestation

Appendix 10.

Normal Heart Weights in 673 Fetuses, from Formalin-Fixed Specimens, from 12 to 42 Weeks of Gestation

Appendix 11.

Ventricular Wall Thicknesses and Ratios, from Formalin-Fixed Specimens, in 765 Hearts from Adults

Appendix 12.

Mean Valve Circumferences for Adults, from Formalin-Fixed Normal Hearts, as a Function of Age and Sex in 392 Women and 373 Men

Appendix 13.

Microscopic Measurements in Normal Hearts

Appendix 14.

Standardized Form to Evaluate Specimens with Congenital Heart Disease

APPENDIX 1. ABBREVIATIONS

A, Ant: Anterior
AC-MGA: Anatomically Corrected Malposition of the Great Arteries
AL: Anterolateral
Ant-Sep: Anteroseptal
Ao: Aorta
Art: Artery (or Arteries)
AS: Atrial Septum
Asc: Ascending
Athero: Atherosclerotic Plaque
AV: Aortic Valve
AV: Atrioventricular (in fig. 1-26 only)
AVB: Atrioventricular Bundle (His Bundle)
AVC: Atrioventricular Connection
AVN: Atrioventricular Node
AVS: Atrioventricular Septum
AVSD: Atrioventricular Septal Defect
AS: Atrial Septum
BCA: Brachiocephalic Artery
Br: Bronchus, Bronchiole
B-T: Blalock-Taussig
C: Cecum
CC-TGA: Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
CFB: Central Fibrous Body
CM: Contractile Myocytes
Cor Art: Coronary Artery
CS: Coronary Sinus
CT: Crista Terminalis
Desc: Descending
DILV: Double Inlet Left Ventricle
DORV: Double Outlet Right Ventricle
DTA: Descending Thoracic Aorta
EEM: External Elastic Membrane
EC: Extracardiac Conduit
EFE: Endocardial Fibroelastosis
Eso: Esophagus
FO: Fossa Ovalis
GCV: Great Cardiac Vein
HV: Hepatic Vein
IAS: Interatrial Septum
IEM: Internal Elastic Membrane
IL: Inferior Limb
IMA: Internal Mammary (Thoracic) Artery
Inf: Inferior
Inf-Lat: Inferolateral
Inf-Sep: Inferoseptal
IS: Infundibular Septum
IV: Interventricular
IVC: Inferior Vena Cava
IVFT: Intervalvular Fibrous Trigone
IVS: Interventricular Septum
L: Left
LA: Left Atrium
LAA: Left Atrial Appendage
LAD: Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
Lat: Lateral
LBB: Left Bundle Branch
LCA: Left Coronary Artery
LCCA: Left Common Carotid Artery
LCX: Left Circumflex Coronary Artery
LCX-OM1: First Obtuse Marginal Branch of LCX
LCX-OM2: Second Obtuse Marginal Branch of LCX
LIMA: Left Internal Mammary Artery
LFT: Left Fibrous Trigone
Lig Art: Ligamentum Arteriosum
LLL: Left Lower Lobe
LLPV: Left Lower Pulmonary Vein
LMA: Left Main Coronary Artery
LPA: Left Pulmonary Artery
LPV: Left Pulmonary Vein (or Veins)
LPVR: Left Pulmonary Venous Recess
LSA: Left Subclavian Artery
LUL: Left Upper Lobe
LUPV: Left Upper Pulmonary Vein
LV: Left Ventricle
LVOT: Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
LVOTO: Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
MRN: Medical Registration Number
MS: Membranous Septum
MV: Mitral Valve
OS: Ostium Secundum (figs. 1-10D, 3-29B only)
OS: Outlet Septum
PA: Pulmonary Artery (Main PA, Pulmonary Trunk)
PA-VSD: Pulmonary Atresia with a Ventricular Septal Defect
PB: Parietal Band
PDA: Patent Ductal Artery (Ductus Arteriosus)
PeM: Pectinate Muscles
Peri: Parietal Pericardium
PM: Papillary Muscles
P, Post: Posterior
PM: Papillary Muscle
Post-Lat: Posterolateral
Post-Sep: Posteroseptal
PTA: Persistent Truncal Artery (Truncus Arteriosus)
PV: Pulmonary Valve
Pulm: Pulmonary
R: Right
RA: Right Atrium
RAA: Right Atrial Appendage
RBB: Right Bundle Branch
RBCV: Right Brachiocephalic Vein
RCA: Right Coronary Artery
RCCA: Right Common Carotid Artery
RCR: Retrocaval Recess (Postcaval Recess)
RFT: Right Fibrous Trigone
RLL: Right Lower Lobe
RLPV: Right Lower Pulmonary Vein
RML: Right Middle Lobe
RMPV: Right Middle Pulmonary Vein
RPA: Right Pulmonary Artery
RPV: Right Pulmonary Vein (or Veins)
RSA: Right Subclavian Artery
RV: Right Ventricle
RVOT: Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
RUL: Right Upper Lobe
RUPV: Right Upper Pulmonary Vein
RV-SB: Right Ventricular Septal Band
S: Spleen
Sept: Septal
SAR: Superior Aortic Recess (Superior Sinus)
SB: Septal Band
Sep: Septal
SL: Superior Limb
SMB: Sagittal Muscle Bundle
SN: Sinus Node
SNA: Sinus Node Artery
SPS: Subpulmonary Stenosis
SVC: Superior Vena Cava
SVG(s): Saphenous Vein Graft(s)
TGA: Transposition of the Great Arteries
Thor: Thoracic
Thr: Thrombus
ToF: Tetralogy of Fallot
Trabec: Trabecular (or Trabeculations)
Tra: Trachea
TrV: Truncal Valve
TV: Tricuspid Valve
VFO: Valve of the Fossa Ovalis
VS: Ventricular Septum
VSD: Ventricular Septal Defect

APPENDIX 2. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF LATIN TERMS^a

Latin Term (Plural)	English Equivalent (Plural)
Annulus (annuli)	Annulus (annuluses)
Aorta (aortae)	Aorta (aortas)
Atrium (atria)	Atrium (atriums)
Chorda tendinea (chordae tendineae)	Tendinous cord (cords)
Conus (coni)	Conus (conuses), or RVOT(s)^b
Crista terminalis	Terminal crest(s) or ridge(s)
Ductus arteriosus (ductus arteriosi)	Ductal artery (arteries), or arterial duct(s)
Ductus venosus (ductus venosi)	Ductal vein(s), or venous duct(s)
Foramen ovale (foramina ovales)	Oval foramen(s), or oval opening(s)
Fossa ovalis (fossae ovales)	Oval fossa(s), or oval depression(s)
Inferior vena cava (venae cavae)	Inferior caval vein(s)
Infundibulum (infundibula)	Infundibulum (infundibulums), or RVOT(s)^b
Ligamentum arteriosum	Arterial ligament(s), or ligamentous artery(-ies)
Ligamentum venosum	Venous ligament(s)
Limbus	Limb(s) or rim(s)
Ostium (ostia)	Ostium (ostiums); opening(s), or orifice(s)
Septum (septa, not septae)	Septum (septums)
Superior vena cava (venae cavae)	Superior caval vein(s)
Truncus arteriosus	Truncal artery (arteries), or arterial trunk(s)

Latin Term (Plural)	English Equivalent (Plural)
Annulus (annuli)	Annulus (annuluses)
Aorta (aortae)	Aorta (aortas)
Atrium (atria)	Atrium (atriums)
Chorda tendinea (chordae tendineae)	Tendinous cord (cords)
Conus (coni)	Conus (conuses), or RVOT(s)^b
Crista terminalis	Terminal crest(s) or ridge(s)
Ductus arteriosus (ductus arteriosi)	Ductal artery (arteries), or arterial duct(s)
Ductus venosus (ductus venosi)	Ductal vein(s), or venous duct(s)
Foramen ovale (foramina ovales)	Oval foramen(s), or oval opening(s)
Fossa ovalis (fossae ovales)	Oval fossa(s), or oval depression(s)
Inferior vena cava (venae cavae)	Inferior caval vein(s)
Infundibulum (infundibula)	Infundibulum (infundibulums), or RVOT(s)^b
Ligamentum arteriosum	Arterial ligament(s), or ligamentous artery(-ies)
Ligamentum venosum	Venous ligament(s)
Limbus	Limb(s) or rim(s)
Ostium (ostia)	Ostium (ostiums); opening(s), or orifice(s)
Septum (septa, not septae)	Septum (septums)
Superior vena cava (venae cavae)	Superior caval vein(s)
Truncus arteriosus	Truncal artery (arteries), or arterial trunk(s)

Modified from appendix 7.2 from reference 1.

RVOT = right ventricular outflow tract.

APPENDIX 3. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN, 20 TO 99 YEARS OLD^a,b

Body Weight		Women			Men
(kg)	(lb)	L95^c	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
40	88	151	221	324	187	247	325
45	99	159	232	341	198	262	345
50	110	166	243	356	209	273	361
55	121	173	253	371	219	290	383
60	132	179	262	385	229	302	399
65	143	186	272	398	239	315	416
70	154	191	280	411	248	327	431
75	165	197	289	423	257	339	447
80	176	202	297	435	265	349	461
85	187	208	305	446	273	360	476
90	198	213	312	457	281	371	489
95	209	220	322	472	292	385	509
100	220	222	326	478	296	391	511
105	231	227	333	488	304	401	529
110	242	232	339	497	331	410	541
115	253	236	346	507	318	420	554

Body Weight		Women			Men
(kg)	(lb)	L95^c	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
40	88	151	221	324	187	247	325
45	99	159	232	341	198	262	345
50	110	166	243	356	209	273	361
55	121	173	253	371	219	290	383
60	132	179	262	385	229	302	399
65	143	186	272	398	239	315	416
70	154	191	280	411	248	327	431
75	165	197	289	423	257	339	447
80	176	202	297	435	265	349	461
85	187	208	305	446	273	360	476
90	198	213	312	457	281	371	489
95	209	220	322	472	292	385	509
100	220	222	326	478	296	391	511
105	231	227	333	488	304	401	529
110	242	232	339	497	331	410	541
115	253	236	346	507	318	420	554

Hospital deaths and coroner’s cases (1960-1982) from individuals without clinical or autopsy evidence of any cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease of grade 3 or 4 (of 4) severity, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and systemic or pulmonary hypertension. However, body habitus (particularly obesity) was not recorded. There were 50 hearts from women and 50 hearts from men for each of the first nine decades of life, with 42 from women and 23 from men in the tenth decade.

The authors found that the normal mean and range were influenced by body size, including weight, height (length), and body surface area (body mass index was not used in 1988).

In a recent study by Vanhaebost et al. (3) mean values for predicted heart weight, based on sex and body weight, averaged 7 percent higher than those in the above table. This forensic-derived study included 170 men and 118 women, ranging from 18 to 88 years old. They were not evenly divided according to decades of age.

Table modified from reference 2.

L95 and U95 = lower and upper 95 percent confidence limits, respectively (for Appendices 5–8).

APPENDIX 4. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART HEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY HEIGHT IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN, 20 TO 99 YEARS OLD^a

Body Height		Women			Men
(cm)	(in)	L95^b	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
140	55	143	220	338	178	251	355
145	57	148	228	351	186	261	369
150	59	153	236	363	192	271	383
155	61	158	244	375	200	282	398
160	63	163	251	387	207	293	412
165	65	168	260	398	214	302	426
170	67	173	267	411	221	312	440
175	69	179	275	424	229	322	455
180	71	184	283	435	235	332	469
185	73	189	291	448	243	343	484
190	75	194	299	460	250	353	498
195	77	199	307	472	258	363	513
200	79	204	314	484	265	374	527

Body Height		Women			Men
(cm)	(in)	L95^b	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
140	55	143	220	338	178	251	355
145	57	148	228	351	186	261	369
150	59	153	236	363	192	271	383
155	61	158	244	375	200	282	398
160	63	163	251	387	207	293	412
165	65	168	260	398	214	302	426
170	67	173	267	411	221	312	440
175	69	179	275	424	229	322	455
180	71	184	283	435	235	332	469
185	73	189	291	448	243	343	484
190	75	194	299	460	250	353	498
195	77	199	307	472	258	363	513
200	79	204	314	484	265	374	527

Table modified from reference 2. See reference 2 for descriptions of exclusionary conditions and number of cases per decade. The authors found that the normal mean and range were influenced by body size, including weight, height (length), and body surface area (body mass index was not used in 1988).

L95 and U95 = lower and upper 95 percent confidence limits, respectively (for Appendices 5–8).

APPENDIX 5. PROPOSED NORMAL HEART WEIGHTS, INDEPENDENT OF AGE, BODY WEIGHT, BODY LENGTH (HEIGHT), OR BODY MASS INDEX (BMI), BASED ON 212 FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS FROM YOUNG ADULTS IN THREE STUDIES^a

Reference	No. of Cases	Age (yr)	Sex	BMI (kg/m2)	Heart Weight (g)
Reference	No. of Cases	Age (yr)	Sex	BMI (kg/m2)	Mean	Range	SD^e
Molina & DiMaio (4)^b	45	18-35	Female	18.5-24.9	222	165-316	37.8
Blackbourne, et al. (5)^c	59	20-29	Female	<25	262	120-400	51
Molina & DiMaio (6)^d	108	18-35	Male	18.5-24.9	308	207-380	38.4

Reference	No. of Cases	Age (yr)	Sex	BMI (kg/m2)	Heart Weight (g)
Reference	No. of Cases	Age (yr)	Sex	BMI (kg/m2)	Mean	Range	SD^e
Molina & DiMaio (4)^b	45	18-35	Female	18.5-24.9	222	165-316	37.8
Blackbourne, et al. (5)^c	59	20-29	Female	<25	262	120-400	51
Molina & DiMaio (6)^d	108	18-35	Male	18.5-24.9	308	207-380	38.4

The authors consider the means and ranges listed above to represent the expected normal values for all adult women or men, regardless of age, weight, length (height), or body mass index. For a different perspective, see Appendices 4–10.

Victims of sudden traumatic death, without any prior medical illness (2004-2014).

Victims of trauma or chemical intoxication (1978-1980).

Victims of sudden traumatic death, without any prior medical illness (2005-2011).

SD = standard deviation.

APPENDIX 6. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN 100 FEMALES AND 100 MALES YOUNGER THAN 20 YEARS^a,b

Body Weight		Females			Males
(kg)	(lb)	L95^c	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
3	7	13	19	29	11	16	24
4	9	16	24	37	14	21	31
5	11	19	29	44	18	26	38
6	13	22	33	51	21	30	45
7	15	25	38	58	24	35	51
8	18	28	42	64	27	39	58
9	20	30	46	71	30	44	64
10	22	33	50	77	33	48	71
12	26	43	66	101	39	57	83
14	31	48	74	113	45	65	96
16	35	53	81	124	50	74	108
18	40	58	88	135	56	82	120
20	44	62	95	146	61	90	132
22	49	67	102	156	67	98	143
24	53	71	109	166	72	106	155
26	57	76	116	177	78	114	167
28	62	80	122	188	83	122	178
30	66	84	129	197	89	130	190
32	71	88	135	207	94	137	201
34	75	93	142	216	99	145	212
36	79	97	148	226	104	153	223
38	84	101	154	236	110	160	235
40	88	105	160	245	115	168	246
42	93	109	166	254	120	175	257
44	97	113	172	264	125	183	268
46	101	117	179	273	130	190	279
48	106	121	184	282	135	198	295
50	110	125	190	291	140	205	300
55	121	130	199	304	153	224	327
60	132	140	214	326	165	242	354
65	143	149	228	348	178	260	380
70	154	158	242	370	190	278	406
75	165	167	256	391	202	295	432
80	176	176	269	412	214	315	458
85	187	185	283	432	226	331	484
90	198	194	296	453	238	348	509
95	209	202	309	473	250	365	535
100	220	211	322	493	262	383	560

Body Weight		Females			Males
(kg)	(lb)	L95^c	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
3	7	13	19	29	11	16	24
4	9	16	24	37	14	21	31
5	11	19	29	44	18	26	38
6	13	22	33	51	21	30	45
7	15	25	38	58	24	35	51
8	18	28	42	64	27	39	58
9	20	30	46	71	30	44	64
10	22	33	50	77	33	48	71
12	26	43	66	101	39	57	83
14	31	48	74	113	45	65	96
16	35	53	81	124	50	74	108
18	40	58	88	135	56	82	120
20	44	62	95	146	61	90	132
22	49	67	102	156	67	98	143
24	53	71	109	166	72	106	155
26	57	76	116	177	78	114	167
28	62	80	122	188	83	122	178
30	66	84	129	197	89	130	190
32	71	88	135	207	94	137	201
34	75	93	142	216	99	145	212
36	79	97	148	226	104	153	223
38	84	101	154	236	110	160	235
40	88	105	160	245	115	168	246
42	93	109	166	254	120	175	257
44	97	113	172	264	125	183	268
46	101	117	179	273	130	190	279
48	106	121	184	282	135	198	295
50	110	125	190	291	140	205	300
55	121	130	199	304	153	224	327
60	132	140	214	326	165	242	354
65	143	149	228	348	178	260	380
70	154	158	242	370	190	278	406
75	165	167	256	391	202	295	432
80	176	176	269	412	214	315	458
85	187	185	283	432	226	331	484
90	198	194	296	453	238	348	509
95	209	202	309	473	250	365	535
100	220	211	322	493	262	383	560

Modified from table 2 from reference 7.

Hospital deaths and coroner's cases (1960-1982) from individuals without clinical or autopsy evidence of any cardiovascular disease, including congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Although body habitus (particularly obesity) was not recorded, few infants, children, and adolescents were obese in this timeframe. The 200 hearts included 5 hearts from females and 5 hearts from males for each year through age 19. The authors found that the normal mean and range were influenced by body size, including weight, height (length), and body surface area (body mass index was not used in 1988).

L95 and U95 = lower and upper 95 percent confidence limits, respectively (for Appendices 5–8).

APPENDIX 7. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY HEIGHT IN 100 FEMALES AND 100 MALES YOUNGER THAN 20 YEARS^a,b

Body Height		Females			Males
(cm)	(in)	L95^c	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
40	16	8	12	19	8	14	26
45	18	10	15	24	10	18	32
50	20	12	19	29	12	22	39
55	22	14	24	35	14	26	46
60	24	17	27	42	17	30	54
65	26	20	31	48	20	35	63
70	28	23	36	56	23	40	72
75	30	26	41	64	26	46	81
80	31	30	46	72	29	51	92
85	33	33	52	81	32	58	103
90	35	37	58	90	36	64	114
95	37	41	64	100	40	71	126
100	39	45	71	111	44	78	138
105	41	50	78	122	48	85	151
110	43	55	85	133	52	93	165
115	45	59	93	145	56	100	179
120	47	64	101	157	61	109	194
125	49	70	109	170	66	117	209
130	51	75	117	183	71	126	224
135	53	81	126	197	76	135	240
140	55	87	135	211	81	144	257
145	57	93	145	226	86	154	274
150	59	99	154	241	92	164	292
155	61	105	165	257	98	174	310
160	63	112	175	273	103	184	329
165	65	119	185	290	109	195	348
170	67	126	196	307	116	206	367
175	69	133	208	324	122	217	388
180	71	140	219	342	128	229	408
185	73	148	231	361	135	241	429
190	75	156	243	380	142	253	451
195	77	164	256	399	149	265	473
200	79	172	268	419	156	278	495

Body Height		Females			Males
(cm)	(in)	L95^c	Mean	U95	L95	Mean	U95
40	16	8	12	19	8	14	26
45	18	10	15	24	10	18	32
50	20	12	19	29	12	22	39
55	22	14	24	35	14	26	46
60	24	17	27	42	17	30	54
65	26	20	31	48	20	35	63
70	28	23	36	56	23	40	72
75	30	26	41	64	26	46	81
80	31	30	46	72	29	51	92
85	33	33	52	81	32	58	103
90	35	37	58	90	36	64	114
95	37	41	64	100	40	71	126
100	39	45	71	111	44	78	138
105	41	50	78	122	48	85	151
110	43	55	85	133	52	93	165
115	45	59	93	145	56	100	179
120	47	64	101	157	61	109	194
125	49	70	109	170	66	117	209
130	51	75	117	183	71	126	224
135	53	81	126	197	76	135	240
140	55	87	135	211	81	144	257
145	57	93	145	226	86	154	274
150	59	99	154	241	92	164	292
155	61	105	165	257	98	174	310
160	63	112	175	273	103	184	329
165	65	119	185	290	109	195	348
170	67	126	196	307	116	206	367
175	69	133	208	324	122	217	388
180	71	140	219	342	128	229	408
185	73	148	231	361	135	241	429
190	75	156	243	380	142	253	451
195	77	164	256	399	149	265	473
200	79	172	268	419	156	278	495

Modified from table 3 from reference 7.

See Appendix 6 for descriptions of exclusionary conditions and number of cases per year. The authors found that the normal mean and range were influenced by body size, including weight, height (length), and body surface area (body mass index was not used in 1988).

L95 and U95 = lower and upper 95 percent confidence limits, respectively (for Appendices 5–8).

APPENDIX 8. NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS, IN 453 INFANTS^a,b

Age of Infant	Non-SIDS Cases			SIDS Cases
Age of Infant	Mean	SD^c	No.	Mean	SD	No.
Newborn	18	10	16	---	---	0
1 Week	24	---	2	15	8	2
2 Weeks	29	8	5	26	10	6
3 Weeks	26	2	4	22	10	7
1 Month	26	10	22	28	16	43
2 Months	31	18	21	31	18	79
3 Months	35	12	11	33	14	69
4 Months	33	14	10	33	16	30
5 Months	35	18	8	33	16	16
6 Months	41	14	6	34	16	9
7 Months	44	8	4	33	12	7
8 Months	44	20	4	46	8	4
9 Months	45	18	7	44	10	5
10 Months	47	20	10	---	---	0
11 Months	51	16	7	54	16	2
12 Months	51	20	3	---	---	0

Age of Infant	Non-SIDS Cases			SIDS Cases
Age of Infant	Mean	SD^c	No.	Mean	SD	No.
Newborn	18	10	16	---	---	0
1 Week	24	---	2	15	8	2
2 Weeks	29	8	5	26	10	6
3 Weeks	26	2	4	22	10	7
1 Month	26	10	22	28	16	43
2 Months	31	18	21	31	18	79
3 Months	35	12	11	33	14	69
4 Months	33	14	10	33	16	30
5 Months	35	18	8	33	16	16
6 Months	41	14	6	34	16	9
7 Months	44	8	4	33	12	7
8 Months	44	20	4	46	8	4
9 Months	45	18	7	44	10	5
10 Months	47	20	10	---	---	0
11 Months	51	16	7	54	16	2
12 Months	51	20	3	---	---	0

Modified from table 1 from reference 8.

Medical Examiner cases from 35 counties in Michigan (1986-2000), excluding cases with abnormal hearts or an underlying genetic disorder.

No. = number of hearts in each age category; SD = standard deviation; SIDS = sudden infant death syndrome.

APPENDIX 9. NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS, IN 533 FETUSES, FROM 12 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATION^a,b

Gestational Age (Weeks)	5th Percentile	Mean	(± SD)^c	95th Percentile	No. of Cases
12	0.07	0.10	(0.09)	0.14	9
13	0.14	0.20	(0.09)	0.35	5
14	0.22	0.33	(0.09)	0.55	13
15	0.33	0.49	(0.09)	0.80	15
16	0.37	0.65	(0.17)	0.93	17
17	0.48	0.93	(0.27)	1.38	17
18	0.64	1.27	(0.39)	1.90	30
19	0.83	1.65	(0.50)	2.48	38
20	1.06	2.09	(0.63)	3.12	37
21	1.32	2.57	(0.76)	3.82	32
22	1.63	3.10	(0.90)	4.58	33
23	1.97	3.68	(1.04)	5.39	26
24	2.35	4.31	(1.19)	6.27	4
25	2.77	4.99	(1.35)	7.21	3
26	3.23	5.72	(1.51)	8.21	5
27	3.73	6.50	(1.68)	9.27	5
28	4.26	7.32	(1.86)	10.39	4
29	4.83	8.20	(2.05)	11.56	4
30	5.44	9.12	(2.24)	12.80	5
31	6.09	10.10	(2.43)	14.10	3
32	6.78	11.12	(2.63)	15.46	2
33	7.50	12.19	(2.85)	16.88	11
34	8.26	13.31	(3.07)	18.36	9
35	9.06	14.48	(3.29)	19.89	7
36	9.90	15.70	(3.52)	21.49	6
37	10.78	16.97	(3.76)	23.15	18
38	11.69	18.28	(4.00)	24.87	15
39	12.65	19.65	(4.26)	26.65	14
40	13.64	21.06	(4.51)	28.49	15
41	14.67	22.53	(4.78)	30.39	9
42	15.73	24.04	(5.05)	32.34	2

Gestational Age (Weeks)	5th Percentile	Mean	(± SD)^c	95th Percentile	No. of Cases
12	0.07	0.10	(0.09)	0.14	9
13	0.14	0.20	(0.09)	0.35	5
14	0.22	0.33	(0.09)	0.55	13
15	0.33	0.49	(0.09)	0.80	15
16	0.37	0.65	(0.17)	0.93	17
17	0.48	0.93	(0.27)	1.38	17
18	0.64	1.27	(0.39)	1.90	30
19	0.83	1.65	(0.50)	2.48	38
20	1.06	2.09	(0.63)	3.12	37
21	1.32	2.57	(0.76)	3.82	32
22	1.63	3.10	(0.90)	4.58	33
23	1.97	3.68	(1.04)	5.39	26
24	2.35	4.31	(1.19)	6.27	4
25	2.77	4.99	(1.35)	7.21	3
26	3.23	5.72	(1.51)	8.21	5
27	3.73	6.50	(1.68)	9.27	5
28	4.26	7.32	(1.86)	10.39	4
29	4.83	8.20	(2.05)	11.56	4
30	5.44	9.12	(2.24)	12.80	5
31	6.09	10.10	(2.43)	14.10	3
32	6.78	11.12	(2.63)	15.46	2
33	7.50	12.19	(2.85)	16.88	11
34	8.26	13.31	(3.07)	18.36	9
35	9.06	14.48	(3.29)	19.89	7
36	9.90	15.70	(3.52)	21.49	6
37	10.78	16.97	(3.76)	23.15	18
38	11.69	18.28	(4.00)	24.87	15
39	12.65	19.65	(4.26)	26.65	14
40	13.64	21.06	(4.51)	28.49	15
41	14.67	22.53	(4.78)	30.39	9
42	15.73	24.04	(5.05)	32.34	2

Modified from tables 7 and 8 from reference 9.

All perinatal and neonatal autopsies performed at Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (2001-2006), excluding fetuses with less than 12 weeks' gestational age, unknown gestational age, multiple gestation, chromosomal abnormalities, intrauterine growth retardation, encephalocele, skeletal dysplasia, severe maceration, severe sepsis, or livebirth more than 3 days old.

No. = number of cases in each age category; SD = standard deviation.

APPENDIX 10. NORMAL HEART WEIGHTS IN 673 FETUSES, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, FROM 12 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATION^a,b

Gestational Age (Weeks)	5th Percentile	Mean	(± SD)^c	95th Percentile	No. of Cases
13-14	0.02	0.24	(0.13)	0.46	18
15-16	0.45	0.82	(0.23)	1.20	59
17-18	0.83	1.44	(0.37)	2.05	78
19-20	1.29	2.21	(0.56)	3.12	77
21-22	1.93	3.23	(0.79)	4.52	110
23-24	2.79	4.55	(1.07)	6.30	105
25-26	3.92	6.21	(1.39)	8.49	56
27-28	5.31	8.20	(1.76)	11.09	25
29-30	6.90	10.48	(2.17)	14.05	11
31-32	8.65	12.98	(2.63)	17.31	11
33-34	10.44	15.60	(3.14)	20.76	10
35-36	12.15	18.21	(3.69)	24.27	9
37-38	13.59	20.63	(1.51)	27.67	18
39-40	14.58	22.68	(1.68)	30.77	32
41-42	15.31	24.49	(5.58)	33.67	14

Gestational Age (Weeks)	5th Percentile	Mean	(± SD)^c	95th Percentile	No. of Cases
13-14	0.02	0.24	(0.13)	0.46	18
15-16	0.45	0.82	(0.23)	1.20	59
17-18	0.83	1.44	(0.37)	2.05	78
19-20	1.29	2.21	(0.56)	3.12	77
21-22	1.93	3.23	(0.79)	4.52	110
23-24	2.79	4.55	(1.07)	6.30	105
25-26	3.92	6.21	(1.39)	8.49	56
27-28	5.31	8.20	(1.76)	11.09	25
29-30	6.90	10.48	(2.17)	14.05	11
31-32	8.65	12.98	(2.63)	17.31	11
33-34	10.44	15.60	(3.14)	20.76	10
35-36	12.15	18.21	(3.69)	24.27	9
37-38	13.59	20.63	(1.51)	27.67	18
39-40	14.58	22.68	(1.68)	30.77	32
41-42	15.31	24.49	(5.58)	33.67	14

Table modified from reference 10.

Fetal autopsies from a large dataset of autopsies performed at pediatric hospitals in Paris (1986-2001), excluding fetuses with diabetic mothers, multiple gestation, chromosomal abnormalities, major malformations, severe sepsis, or severe maceration.

No. = number; SD = standard deviation.

APPENDIX 11. VENTRICULAR WALL THICKNESSES AND RATIOS, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, IN 765 HEARTS FROM ADULTS^a,b

Location	Thickness (cm)
Location	Mean	Range
Ventricular Septum (VS)	1.4	1.1 - 1.7
Left Ventricle (LV), Free Wall	1.3	1.0 - 1.6
Right Ventricle (RV), Free Wall, Inferior	0.4	0.3 - 0.5
Right Ventricle, Free Wall, Anterolateral	0.2	0.1 - 0.3

Ratios	Mean	Range

VS/LV	1.1	0.8 - 1.4
RV Inferior/LV	0.32	0.24 - 0.40
LV/RV Inferior	3.1	2.5 - 4.2

Location	Thickness (cm)
Location	Mean	Range
Ventricular Septum (VS)	1.4	1.1 - 1.7
Left Ventricle (LV), Free Wall	1.3	1.0 - 1.6
Right Ventricle (RV), Free Wall, Inferior	0.4	0.3 - 0.5
Right Ventricle, Free Wall, Anterolateral	0.2	0.1 - 0.3

Ratios	Mean	Range

VS/LV	1.1	0.8 - 1.4
RV Inferior/LV	0.32	0.24 - 0.40
LV/RV Inferior	3.1	2.5 - 4.2

Modified from figures 6 and 7 from reference 2.

See Appendix 3 for descriptions of exclusionary conditions and number of cases per year. The authors found that ventricular wall thicknesses and their ratios were stable throughout life and were unaffected by age or sex. Therefore, data from men and women were pooled.

APPENDIX 12. MEAN VALVE CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ADULTS, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED NORMAL HEARTS, AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND SEX IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN^a,b

Valve	Age (yr)	Circumference (cm)
Valve	Age (yr)	Females	Males
Aortic	25	5.7	6.0
	50	6.7	7.2
	75	7.5	8.4
	95	7.9	8.5
Pulmonary	25	5.7	6.1
	50	6.6	6.9
	75	7.0	7.5
	95	7.3	7.2
Mitral	25	8.2	9.4
	50	9.1	9.7
	75	8.7	9.6
	95	8.2	9.5
Tricuspid	25	10.2	11.2
	50	10.9	11.7
	75	10.5	11.7
	95	10.0	11.4

Valve	Age (yr)	Circumference (cm)
Valve	Age (yr)	Females	Males
Aortic	25	5.7	6.0
	50	6.7	7.2
	75	7.5	8.4
	95	7.9	8.5
Pulmonary	25	5.7	6.1
	50	6.6	6.9
	75	7.0	7.5
	95	7.3	7.2
Mitral	25	8.2	9.4
	50	9.1	9.7
	75	8.7	9.6
	95	8.2	9.5
Tricuspid	25	10.2	11.2
	50	10.9	11.7
	75	10.5	11.7
	95	10.0	11.4

Table created from data in reference 2.

See Appendix 3 for descriptions of exclusionary conditions and number of cases per year.

APPENDIX 13. MICROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS IN NORMAL HEARTS

Cellular Feature (ref.)	Measurement				Explanatory Notes
Cell number (entire heart) (11-14)	10 billion (myocytes) 35 billion (interstitial cells)				Average value (the published range is 2-20 billion) Calculated value (based on data in the previous row)
Cell number (ventricles) (11)	By cell volume: 75% myocytes 25% interstitial cells				This seeming paradox exists because cardiomyocytes are substantially larger than the more numerous interstitial cells (see fig. 4-6)
Cell number (ventricles) (11)	By cell number: 20-25% myocytes 75-80% interstitial cells
Cell number (atria) (15)	By cell volume: 45% myocytes 55% interstitial cells				Relative to the interstitium, atrial myocytes contribute less to myocardial volume than ventricular myocytes
Cell number (atria) (15)	By cell number: 30% myocytes 70% interstitial cells
Myocyte size (μ) (16-18)	Diameter (D): 17 (range, 14-22) (LV)^a 14 (range, 11-17) (RV) 10 (range, 7-13) (atria)				Microscopically, red blood cells can be used to estimate myocyte size
	Length (L): 90 (range, 60-140) (for atria and ventricles)
	L:D = about 5:1 (LV)
	Volume (μ³) (LV) Mean: 19 x 10³ SD: 3 x 10³
Myocyte shape (19)	Cross-section: Polygonal or irregular				Although myocytes are commonly described as being circular or elliptical in cross-section, this is too simplistic (see figs. 4-7 and 60-6)
Myocyte shape (19)	Longitudinal section: Rectangular or Y-shaped (branched)
Percentage of myocytes with various numbers of nuclei (12)	Number	LV		RV	The percentage of binucleate myocytes is highest in fetuses and infants; after age 1, the percentage is unaffected by age or sex
	One	75		80
	Two	25		20
	Three	rare		rare
	Four	rare		rare
Myocyte nuclear ploidy (14,16)	Infants and children:				Ploidy increases considerably in hypertrophied myocytes (see chapter 4)
	2N		80%
	4N		20%
	Adolescents and adults including the elderly:
	2N		40%
	4N		60%

Cellular Feature (ref.)	Measurement				Explanatory Notes
Cell number (entire heart) (11-14)	10 billion (myocytes) 35 billion (interstitial cells)				Average value (the published range is 2-20 billion) Calculated value (based on data in the previous row)
Cell number (ventricles) (11)	By cell volume: 75% myocytes 25% interstitial cells				This seeming paradox exists because cardiomyocytes are substantially larger than the more numerous interstitial cells (see fig. 4-6)
Cell number (ventricles) (11)	By cell number: 20-25% myocytes 75-80% interstitial cells
Cell number (atria) (15)	By cell volume: 45% myocytes 55% interstitial cells				Relative to the interstitium, atrial myocytes contribute less to myocardial volume than ventricular myocytes
Cell number (atria) (15)	By cell number: 30% myocytes 70% interstitial cells
Myocyte size (μ) (16-18)	Diameter (D): 17 (range, 14-22) (LV)^a 14 (range, 11-17) (RV) 10 (range, 7-13) (atria)				Microscopically, red blood cells can be used to estimate myocyte size
	Length (L): 90 (range, 60-140) (for atria and ventricles)
	L:D = about 5:1 (LV)
	Volume (μ³) (LV) Mean: 19 x 10³ SD: 3 x 10³
Myocyte shape (19)	Cross-section: Polygonal or irregular				Although myocytes are commonly described as being circular or elliptical in cross-section, this is too simplistic (see figs. 4-7 and 60-6)
Myocyte shape (19)	Longitudinal section: Rectangular or Y-shaped (branched)
Percentage of myocytes with various numbers of nuclei (12)	Number	LV		RV	The percentage of binucleate myocytes is highest in fetuses and infants; after age 1, the percentage is unaffected by age or sex
	One	75		80
	Two	25		20
	Three	rare		rare
	Four	rare		rare
Myocyte nuclear ploidy (14,16)	Infants and children:				Ploidy increases considerably in hypertrophied myocytes (see chapter 4)
	2N		80%
	4N		20%
	Adolescents and adults including the elderly:
	2N		40%
	4N		60%

LV = left ventricle; RV = right ventricle; SD = standard deviation.

Appendix 14. STANDARDIZED FORM TO EVALUATE SPECIMENS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

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REFERENCES

Maleszewski

Edwards

Classification and terminology of cardiovascular anomalies

. In:

Allen

Shaddy

Penny

Feltes

Cetta

, eds.

Moss and Adams’ heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents including the fetus and young adult

, 9th ed.

Philadelphia

Wolters Kluwer

;

2016

213

Part 12: Appendix: Abbreviations, Latin Terms, and Normal Measurements Free

Part 12

APPENDIX OUTLINE

APPENDIX 1. ABBREVIATIONS

APPENDIX 2. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF LATIN TERMSa

APPENDIX 3. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN, 20 TO 99 YEARS OLDa,b

APPENDIX 4. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART HEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY HEIGHT IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN, 20 TO 99 YEARS OLDa

APPENDIX 5. PROPOSED NORMAL HEART WEIGHTS, INDEPENDENT OF AGE, BODY WEIGHT, BODY LENGTH (HEIGHT), OR BODY MASS INDEX (BMI), BASED ON 212 FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS FROM YOUNG ADULTS IN THREE STUDIESa

APPENDIX 6. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN 100 FEMALES AND 100 MALES YOUNGER THAN 20 YEARSa,b

APPENDIX 7. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY HEIGHT IN 100 FEMALES AND 100 MALES YOUNGER THAN 20 YEARSa,b

APPENDIX 8. NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS, IN 453 INFANTSa,b

APPENDIX 9. NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS, IN 533 FETUSES, FROM 12 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATIONa,b

APPENDIX 10. NORMAL HEART WEIGHTS IN 673 FETUSES, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, FROM 12 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATIONa,b

APPENDIX 11. VENTRICULAR WALL THICKNESSES AND RATIOS, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, IN 765 HEARTS FROM ADULTSa,b

APPENDIX 12. MEAN VALVE CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ADULTS, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED NORMAL HEARTS, AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND SEX IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MENa,b

APPENDIX 13. MICROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS IN NORMAL HEARTS

Appendix 14. STANDARDIZED FORM TO EVALUATE SPECIMENS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

REFERENCES

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Part 12: Appendix: Abbreviations, Latin Terms, and Normal Measurements

APPENDIX 2. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF LATIN TERMS^a

APPENDIX 3. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN, 20 TO 99 YEARS OLD^a,b

APPENDIX 4. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART HEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY HEIGHT IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN, 20 TO 99 YEARS OLD^a

APPENDIX 5. PROPOSED NORMAL HEART WEIGHTS, INDEPENDENT OF AGE, BODY WEIGHT, BODY LENGTH (HEIGHT), OR BODY MASS INDEX (BMI), BASED ON 212 FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS FROM YOUNG ADULTS IN THREE STUDIES^a

APPENDIX 6. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN 100 FEMALES AND 100 MALES YOUNGER THAN 20 YEARS^a,b

APPENDIX 7. PREDICTED NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, AS A FUNCTION OF BODY HEIGHT IN 100 FEMALES AND 100 MALES YOUNGER THAN 20 YEARS^a,b

APPENDIX 8. NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS, IN 453 INFANTS^a,b

APPENDIX 9. NORMAL HEART WEIGHT (G), FROM FRESH (UNFIXED) SPECIMENS, IN 533 FETUSES, FROM 12 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATION^a,b

APPENDIX 10. NORMAL HEART WEIGHTS IN 673 FETUSES, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, FROM 12 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATION^a,b

APPENDIX 11. VENTRICULAR WALL THICKNESSES AND RATIOS, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED SPECIMENS, IN 765 HEARTS FROM ADULTS^a,b

APPENDIX 12. MEAN VALVE CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ADULTS, FROM FORMALIN-FIXED NORMAL HEARTS, AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND SEX IN 392 WOMEN AND 373 MEN^a,b